Editing Ground Units / Ground Combat (section)

=== Breakthrough Procedure ===

; Cohesion Damage
: For each formation element:
: '''Cohesion Damage''' = (Element Class Size) × (Units Destroyed in Combat Phase) × (100 / Element Morale)

The total Cohesion Damage is summed for all elements and compared to the formation size. This value (0–100%) is the '''Formation Cohesion Rating'''.

; Breakthrough Value
For each front line formation that attacked the defender:

* Static elements have zero Breakthrough Value.
* Vehicle elements:
: (Element Class Size) × (Element Units) × (Element Morale / 100)
* Infantry elements:
: Same formula × 0.5

The total Breakthrough Value is summed and compared to formation size. If the formation is in Front Line Attack, multiply by 2. This value (0–200%) is the '''Formation Breakthrough Rating'''.

; Breakthrough Potential
'''Breakthrough Potential''' = (Defending Cohesion Rating) × (Attacking Breakthrough Rating)

If ≥ 30%, a breakthrough occurs.

Each formation that creates a breakthrough mounts a second attack. This attack:
* does not benefit from supporting artillery or fighter support
* functions as if the formation is in Front Line Attack
* may target any hostile formation

Breakthroughs are more likely when:
* multiple attackers strike one defender
* the defender suffers high casualties
* casualties fall on large-class elements
* defender morale is low
* attacker is vehicle-heavy
* attacker is in Front Line Attack
* attacker morale is high