Editing Ground Units / Ground Combat (section)

=== Combat Resolution ===

When a formation element engages a hostile element, supply is checked. If supply is unavailable, only 25% of units fire.

For each attacking unit:

; To Hit Chance
: Base chance = 20% × (Dominant Terrain To Hit Modifier) × (Element Morale / 100) × (Base To Hit for target unit class if target is not fortified)

; Fortification Modifier
: Target Fortification Level × (Dominant Terrain Fortification Modifier).  
: If target is not fortified, this modifier = 1.

; Environment Modifier
: Based on gravity, pressure, temperature, and element capabilities.  
: Each untrained environment doubles the modifier.

; Terrain Capability Modifier
: If trained for dominant terrain, modifier = 0.5.

; Final Chance to Hit
: '''Final Chance to Hit''' = To Hit Chance / (Fortification Modifier × Environment Modifier × Terrain Capability Modifier)

The unit fires each weapon it has (except non-bombardment weapons for units bombarding from Support or Rear Echelon). If the to-hit roll ≤ Final Chance to Hit, the weapon hits.

; Armour Penetration
: If AP ≥ Armour → penetration  
: If AP < Armour → chance to penetrate = (AP / Armour)^2

; Damage
: If penetration occurs → chance to destroy target = (Weapon Damage / Target Hit Points)^2

If a target is destroyed:
* the firing element gains morale
* the target element loses morale
* morale gain/loss is doubled in Front Line Attack mode

All combat is simultaneous and losses are applied after all firing is complete. Multi-way conflicts with multiple races on each side are possible.